Fig. 4

Applications of STOV wave packets. a Rotation of birefringent microparticles with transverse OAM. Adapted with permission from [94], copyright 2022, NPG. b Local spin-orbit interaction for in-plane polarization Bessel-type STOVs. Adapted with permission from [32], copyright 2021, APS. c Helical spin-texture of a single-photon Bessel pulse. Adapted with permission from [95], copyright 2021, NPG. d Scalar optical hopfion weaved by equiphase lines. Adapted with permission from [96], copyright 2022, Springer. e Spatiotemporal differentiator with a spatial resolution of 18 μm and temporal resolution of 182 fs. Adapted with permission from [35], copyright 2022, WILEY. f Subluminal and superluminal pulse propagation of STOVs based upon Fresnel reflection/refraction. Adapted with permission from [97], copyright 2022, De Gruyter