Fig. 1

Generation, propagation and conversion of STOVs. a Generation of STOVs through spiral phase modulation using 2D pulse shaper. Adapted with permission from [29], copyright 2020, NPG. b A spatiotemporal differentiator that breaks spatial mirror symmetry is capable of generating STOVs without Fourier transform. Adapted with permission from [35], copyright 2022, WILEY. c A photonic crystal slab structure that possesses a custom nodal line for the generation of STOVs. Adapted with permission from [37], copyright 2021, OPG. d STOVs under second harmonic nonlinear process. Adapted with permission from [31], copyright 2021, NPG. e High harmonic generation with transverse OAM. Adapted with permission from [63], copyright 2021, APS. f Focusing structured light to obtain focal field with transverse SAM and OAM. Adapted with permission from [65], copyright 2022, OPG