Table 1 Studied different techniques for the inactivation of viruses
Techniques | Light radiation | Viruses | Killing dose | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ionizing radiations | Far-UVC (222 nm), 0.56 mJ/cm2, 3–25 min | Human Coronavirus HCoV-229E | D 99.9 (mJ/cm2): 1.7, 25 min | [17] |
Far-UVC (222 nm), 0.39 mJ/cm2, 3–25 min | Human Coronavirus HCoV-OC43 | D 99.9 (mJ/cm2): 1.2, 25 min | [17] | |
UVC (254Â nm), 10, 60, 360Â mJ/cm2, 1, 6, 36Â s | SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus | D 99.99 (mJ/cm2): 36Â s | [18] | |
UVC (254Â nm), 120Â mJ/cm2 for 30Â min | Murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) | Virus titer (PFU/mL): 2 log reduction at 2Â h and 1 log reduction at 8Â h | ||
UVC (260Â nm) | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Cytopathic effect (CPE): Without detectable CPE after 60Â min radiation | [21] | |
Deep UV light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) (280 ± 5 nm) | SARS-CoV-2 | D 99.9: 75 mJ/cm2, 10 s | [22] | |
Gamma ray, 10 kGy | Influenza A | – | [23] | |
Gamma ray, 0–50 kGy | Polio Virus 1 and 2 Sabin strains | CCID50: 0 at 40 kGy for PV1-S and 45 kGy for PV2-S | [24] | |
Neutrons and gamma photons, 0–15.6 kGy | Influenza A X31/H3N2 and PR8/H1N1 | Gamma: 2–threefold more effective than n with (RBE) range of 0.43–0.65 TCID50: 7.08 and 15.07 with gamma and neutron radiation (X31) TCID50: 5.77 and 14.21 with gamma and neutron radiation (PR8) | [25] | |
Electron beam (LEEI).200Â keV, 30Â kGy | Influenza A (H3N8), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), | Log TCID50/mL: 0 for Influenza A (H3N8) at E-Beam absorbed Dose: 29.9Â kGy and for PRRSV and EHV-1: 10.4Â kGy | [26] | |
X-ray, 220Â keV, 17.5Â mA with 0.2Â mm Al filtration | Zika virus (ZIKV) African strain MP1751, RVFV-X | 1-log10 decimal-reduction value (D10): 12.8Â kGy for ZIKV-X and 15.79Â kGy for RVFV-X | [27] | |
Non-ionizing radiations | Blue light (455 nm), 50 mW/cm2, 40 h (= 7200 J/cm2) | Bacteriophage phi6 | Virus titer (PFU/mL): 1 log reduction dose 2130 J/cm2 | [28] |
Blue light (405 nm), 78.6 mW/cm2, 4.5 h (= 1272 J/cm2) | Bacteriophage phi6 | Virus titer (PFU/mL): 1 log reduction dose 430 J/cm2 | [29] | |
Blue light (405Â nm), 0.035 mW/cm2 and 0.6 mW/cm2 for SARS-CoV-2 and IAV, respectively, for 4Â h | SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A virus (IAV) | Virus titer (PFU/mL): 0.3288 log10 and 0.5609 log10 reduction for SARS-CoV-2 and IAV, respectively | [30] | |
Blue laser, Low-power ultrashort pulse (USP) (425Â nm). 3.4Â J/cm2 | M13 bacteriophage, Murine cytomegalovirus | Log (pfu): 5 for M13 bacteriophage at 1Â h of laser exposure time | [31] | |
Blue Femtosecond laser (400 nm). 20 mJ/pulse | M13 bacteriophages | Log 10 (Loud reduction): 5.8 ± 0.3 and 2.9 ± 0.15 at 15 and 2 min, respectively | [32] | |
Blue laser (408 nm), Low-power ultrashort pulse (USP), 150 mW | Murine Norovirus |  > 3 log10 inactivation at 3 h | [33] | |
Red Laser, LLLT (660 nm), 2–10 J/cm2, 626 s | HIV-1 | Luciferase activity: Reduction in infected cells (8 J/cm2) and no inhibitory effect in uninfected cells | [34] | |
Infrared Femtosecond laser (800 nm), 4 μW, 10 ms | HIV-1 | Luciferase activity: Two-fold reduction with Radiation and Raltegravir for 30 min | [35] |