Fig. 2

Examples of wave–information–matter manipulations with intelligent metasurface. a The first programmable coding metasurface controlled with FPGA. The meta-atom embedded with a PIN diode and its binary EM responses are plotted. Additionally, selected experimental results of dynamic beam manipulation are shown [19]. b Smart self-reprogrammable metasurface integrated with a gyroscope sensor for orientation tracking and selected experimental results [52]. c Non-linear harmonic manipulation with time–space-coding metasurface and selected experimental results [185]. d Smart Doppler cloaking with time–space-coding metausrface [59]. e Surface-wave-assisted nonreciprocity with spatio-temporally modulated metasurface, where the constituting meta-atom with geometrical parameters is detailed [40]. f Smart invisibility cloaking with metasurface. Experimental setup and selected results at different illumination frequencies are shown [55]. g Mathematical differential operations with time–space-coding metasurface and selected experimental results [133]. h Smart wireless power transfers with the 1-bit and 2-bit intelligent metasurfaces. Experimental configuration is inserted. The efficiencies of WPT with different setups are compared (bottom) [60]. i Dynamic holograms with 1-bit programmable coding metasurface. Selected experimental holographic images and corresponding coding patterns of metasurface are provided at left-bottom and right-bottom corners, respectively [84]. Figures (a)–(i) adapted with permission under a CC BY 4.0 license