Fig. 3

Comparative experiments on super-resolution results of a COS-7 cell sample with DAPI-labeled nucleus, Alexa Fluor\(^{TM}\) 568-labeled actin and MitoTracker\(^{TM}\) Green FM-labeled mitochondria. a Comparison of the wide-field image and the super-resolution image obtained by PCA-SIM. The wide-field image is displayed in the lower left triangle, which was obtained by averaging 9 raw SIM images (with the resolution of \(1024 \times 1024\)) captured through a 100\(\times\) objective (UPlanSApo 100\(\times\)/1.40 Oil, Olympus, Japan). The super-resolution image reconstructed by PCA-SIM is shown on the upper right. For easy distinguishing, we show the mitochondria, actin and nucleus of the COS-7 cell in red, green and blue, respectively, where the mitochondria are excited at 488 nm wavelength, the nucleus at 405 nm wavelength and the actin at 561 nm wavelength. b Magnified wide-field image (top left) and super-resolution images of actin from the yellow boxed regions in a obtained by different methods (POP, ACR, IRT, COR and PCA-SIM). c Magnified wide-field image (top left) and super-resolution images of mitochondria from the blue boxed regions in a obtained by different methods (POP, ACR, IRT, COR, and PCA-SIM). d Intensity profiles along the light blue line in b and c (normalized to maximum). Experiments were repeated ten times independently with similar results. The time-consuming of estimating parameters by COR and PCA is 16.3227 \({{\pm }}\) 0.0479 seconds and 0.8332 \({{\pm }}\) 0.0003 seconds, respectively. Colored arrows point to regions where reconstruction differences are distinct. Scale bars: 5 \(\mu\)m (a); 200 nm (b); 200 nm (d)