Fig. 4

Three models of viral infection using USP and plasmonic enhancement depicted instrumental mechanism and results. A, B Experimental setup for femtosecond laser irradiation using NIR laser beam at 850 nm which was frequency doubled to generate 425 nm blue light. This instrument used for both non-enveloped MNV-1 [103] (A) and enveloped MCMV [109] (B) virions. C, a Schematic of experimental setup for photoacoustic measurements. The following abbreviations are used: fs: femtosecond, QC: quartz cuvette, PA: photoacoustic, and OW: optical window. C, b TEM image of laser irradiated Murine Leukemia Virus + PEGylated nanorod. C, c Virus log-reduction-value (LRV) measured for virus (V) alone, virus + PEGylated nanorods (NR), virus + annexinV functionalized nanorod (NR + A5) and virus + spherical nanoparticles (NP) after irradiation to a pulsed (35 fs) 805 nm laser with an average power of 3 W for 10 s exposure time [113]