Fig. 3

Performance advantages of deeper diffractive cameras. a Comparison of the output images using diffractive camera designs with three, four, and five layers. The output images at each row were normalized using the same constant for visualization. b Quantitative comparison of the three diffractive camera designs. The left panel compares the average PCC values calculated using input objects from the target data class only (i.e., 1032 different handwritten digits). The middle panel compares the average absolute PCC values calculated using input objects from the other data classes (i.e., 8968 different handwritten digits). The right panel plots the average output intensity ratio (\(R\)) of the target to non-target data classes