Fig. 5

Investigation of adhesion strength of diverse cells in human samples using scRAFA. a Gallery of optical images of different bacteria and cells trapped and rotated in human samples during the scRAFA-based adhesion measurement. Others: Other types of urinary organisms for which we can hardly define their categories. The scale bars: 5 μm. b Diameter and aspect ratio distributions of bacteria and cells whose rotation has been achieved successfully by our scRAFA. c, d Two scenarios of binary rotation (1) and adhesion (0) events for fungi in human urine over a measurement period of 10 s. e Fraction of chitin’s transient adhesion events with lifetime \(\tau\) _a ≥ t was plotted versus t for urinary yeast cells. Q_a (\(\tau\) _a ≥ t): fraction of transient adhesion events with lifetime \(\tau\) _a ≥ t. t ranges from 0 to the maximum lifetime. The experimental data are fitted with double exponential decay curves to extract the dissociate constants: k_off-1 = 6.79 s⁻¹ and k_off-2 = 1.56 s⁻¹ (See Materials and Methods)